• In This Issue . . . .

• Fight or Flight: How Stress Affects Health - Part I
  by David Yarian, Ph.D.

• RX for Stress: The Relaxation Response - Part I
  by Sandi Anders, M.Div.

• Announcements
  

Our bodies are wonderfully designed to rise to daunting challenges - escaping from dangerous situations by fleeing or fighting an enemy; performing feats of strength that seem impossible such as carrying an injured person from a burning building; having all senses on red alert when peak performance is required, such as in an athletic competition or dealing with complex, high-stakes situations.

The body, however, is not particularly good at distinguishing between true, life-threatening emergencies and the anxieties, worries, stresses and challenges of modern life. Whether the emergency is real or perceived, the body responds as if it were a life or death situation.

In working with persons suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, I have frequently seen how even the memory of a very stressful event can trigger powerful physiological responses: sweating, trembling, increased heart rate and blood pressure, faster breathing, tingling, feelings of panic, heightened sensory awareness, and more. Clients have reported digestive and bowel disruption, feeling chilled, and sleep disruption.

Since World War I, scientists have studied in detail the responses the body makes to a perceived threat. This bodily response system is called the stress response, and it was first studied in soldiers responding to combat situations. Soon researchers such as Hans Selye came to see that the stress response may be generated in the body whether the threat is physical or psychological.

Medical researchers have traced the stress response as it cascades throughout the body, affecting every system of the body. When the brain perceives threat or danger, the hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland, which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which in turn signals the adrenal glands to spill cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream. These are the so-called stress hormones, which have a powerful impact on the body, mobilizing it for fight or flight.

The Harvard Medical School Special Health Report on Stress Control summarizes what happens next:

Your breath quickens as your body takes in extra oxygen. Energy-boosting glucose and fats are released from storage sites into your bloodstream. Sharpened senses, such as sight and hearing, make you more alert.

Your heart beats faster - up to five times as quickly as normal - and your blood pressure rises. Certain blood vessels constrict, which helps direct blood flow to your muscles and brain and away from your skin and other organs.

Blood cells called platelets become stickier so clots can form more easily to keep you from bleeding to death from potential injuries. Immune system activity picks up. Your muscles - even tiny, hair-raising muscles beneath your skin - tighten, preparing you to spring into action.

Body systems not needed for the immediate emergency are suppressed. The stomach and intestines cease operations. Sexual arousal is quashed. Repair and growth of body tissues and bones halt.

All of this is exactly what we need -- to hunt a mastodon or saber-toothed tiger, to fight an enemy, or to flee for our lives from a real and immediate danger.

In the early 70's I was threatened at midnight by a mugger with a knife in the East Village of New York City. I ran from him, many blocks to a subway station where there were lights and people. I ran faster than I knew was possible, thanks to the stress response which mobilized my body for flight.

Problems arise in modern life, however, where these physiological responses may be triggered fifty or more times a day in reaction to anxiety or stress-inducing situations, such as an exam or a fender-bender or an interaction with a difficult person. Normal life events, both positive and negative, may also induce a chronic stress response, lasting long after the stressful event has passed.

Next time: How the physiological changes triggered by chronic activation of the stress response can compromise health.

David Yarian, Ph.D. is the creator of The Guide to Self-Help Books, http://www.Books4SelfHelp.com and co-author of Self-Help Central, an ezine to help you build a better life with self-help resources. He is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and Certified Sex Therapist in private practice in Nashville, TN. He writes self-help articles on stress relief.

(c) 2005 Permission is granted to reprint this article in print or on your website as long as the paragraph above is included.

The experience of relaxation is essential to counteract the harmful effects of chronic stress on the body. Through the regular practice of relaxation techniques, one can begin to reverse this cumulative, damaging proceess, and engage the body's incredible potential for self-healing.

Herbert Benson, M.D., Harvard Professor and stress reduction specialist, first coined the phrase "Relaxation Response" in the early 1970s to describe the physiological and mental changes that occur when one consciously relaxes. In The Wellness Book he writes that the relaxation response is "a physiological state characterized by a slower heart rate, metabolism, rate of breathing, lower blood pressure, and slower brain wave patterns."

Here are some of the beneficial changes that occur when your body is in the relaxation response:

Heartbeat and respiration are slowed.

Oxygen consumption is markedly reduced.

The expiration of carbon dioxide drops.

Blood pressure becomes stable.

Blood lactate levels (which some researchers believe are associated with anxiety attacks) decline steeply.

There are many tested techniques which encourage this state of profound rest and release. In this 3-part series, we will describe the most important of these skills, and give you practical instruction on how to do them.

1. Rhythmic, deep, diaphragmatic breathing

The first and most important stress reduction tool is "right under your nose" and as close as your breath. When you focus on slow, deep breathing, the inhalation fills your lungs and causes your lower belly to expand as the diaphragm drops downward into the softness of your relaxed belly.

Try it right now:

Relax your body and release any signs of tension. Allow your tongue and jaws to relax. Drop your shoulders away from your neck. Notice your breathing just as it is. Then take a deep, full breath, allowing the breath to move all the way down into the lower belly. It is helpful to imagine that there is a small balloon in the belly. As you breathe in, let that balloon gently inflate. As you breathe out, feel how the balloon gently deflates.

Take in several of these slow, gentle, deep breaths. Then begin to notice that there is a slight pause that naturally occurs at the end of each exhalation. Allow yourself to wait here without rushing to take the next in-breath. Let the next inhalation surface when your body is ready to welcome it.

Enjoy the soothing tranquility of the pause. Float peacefully in the silence between outbreath and inbreath, letting the breath happen by itself.

If you are just learning diaphragmatic breathing, it can be helpful to begin by lying on your back with your knees bent. In this position, you can more easily feel how the belly rises with inhalation and falls with exhalation. You can also place your hands on your abdomen and let yourself breathe into their warmth, feeling how the hands rise with in-breath and fall with out- breath.

Another great way to find deep belly breath is to lie on your belly. In this position, the only way you can breathe is diaphragmatically!

Finally, it can sometimes be helpful to let yourself sigh out loud with the exhale. Sounding is a useful way to let go of stress and tension.

Deep diaphragmatic breathing has a profound effect on the body. Just three minutes of soft-belly breathing can shift your body out of stress response mode into the relaxation response!

2. Body scan

A guided body scan - which seeks to find and release muscular tensions - promotes deep relaxation, as most of us carry unnecessary tightness in some of our muscles. The location of chronic muscle tension can vary from person to person.

In a body scan, you move your attention into different parts of your body and release any felt sensations of tension or discomfort. With practice, you can become more aware of your tension and find ways to release it. Letting go of physical tension promotes soothing and a calm, tranquil mind.

Try a "mini-body scan" right now as you are reading.

Start with deep, relaxed breathing. Then when you are ready, move your attention sequentially through your body, starting at your head and slowly moving down to your toes. Within each section of your body, pause a moment and scan for tightness, tension, or chronic pain. Begin to allow yourself to let go of any discomfort or tension that you notice.

You can also visualize sending the warmth of your in-breath into the discomfort, and then, with the out-breath, release and dissolve the tension.

Physical relaxation - the release of muscular tension - in the body promotes the relaxation response. Your heartrate, breathing and metabolism slow and your blood pressure becomes lower. Your mind becomes tranquil and relaxed, free of anxiety - and is no longer sending the signals that release the stress hormones to flood throughout your body.

As you are learning these methods, or if you want a more structured experience it is often helpful to work with a teacher or to use a guided meditation CD. This will help you to stay focused on your breath and to pay attention to parts of your body which might otherwise be overlooked in the body scan.

My new 2-CD set, The Alchemy of Peace and Love, contains a detailed body scan and relaxation meditation, with soothing music to help the relaxation process.

Parts II and III will describe more ways to elicit the relaxation response. Stay tuned!

Sandi Anders, M.Div., R.Y.T., is a contributor to The Guide to Self-Help Books, http://www.Books4SelfHelp.com and co-author of Self-Help Central, an ezine to help you build a better life with self-help resources. She teaches stress mastery skills through psycho-spiritual life coaching, and yoga and meditation instruction. She writes self-help articles on stress management and has produced a best-selling relaxation CD.

(c) 2005 Permission is granted to reprint this article in print or on your website as long as the paragraph above is included.

Reminder!

Be sure to check out David's Pick of the Month. Each Tuesday David posts a new review of a favorite book. A listing of all of the reviews from previous weeks may be seen in the Archive of Past Picks of the Month.

The What's New Section this month features new books on addiction and recovery from Hazelden. Check it out! 

If you have not already done so, please visit our other new sites:

www.DavidYarian.com

www.SpiritedLoving.com

www.Imagery4Relaxation.com

That's all for this issue. We look forward to your comments, questions or suggestions.

You can drop us a line at Info@Books4SelfHelp.com.